Golden Ratio Discovered in Quantum World: Hidden Symmetry Observed for the First Time in Solid State Matter
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Researchers from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), in cooperation with colleagues from Oxford and Bristol Universities, as well as the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK, have for the first time observed a nanoscale symmetry hidden in solid state matter. They have measured the signatures of a symmetry showing the same attributes as the golden ratio famous from art and architecture.
The research team is publishing these findings in the Jan. 8, 2010 issue of the journal Science.
The magnetic field is used to tune the chains of spins to a quantum critical state. The resonant modes (“notes”) are detected by scattering neutrons. These scatter with the characteristic frequencies of the spin chains. (Credit: Image courtesy of Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres)
On the atomic scale particles do not behave as we know it in the macro-atomic world. New properties emerge which are the result of an effect known as the Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. In order to study these nanoscale quantum effects the researchers have focused on the magnetic material cobalt niobate. It consists of linked magnetic atoms, which form chains just like a very thin bar magnet, but only one atom wide and are a useful model for describing ferromagnetism on the nanoscale in solid state matter.
When applying a magnetic field at right angles to an aligned spin the magnetic chain will transform into a new state called quantum critical, which can be thought of as a quantum version of a fractal pattern. Prof. Alan Tennant, the leader of the Berlin group, explains “The system reaches a quantum uncertain — or a Schrödinger cat state. This is what we did in our experiments with cobalt niobate. We have tuned the system exactly in order to turn it quantum critical.”
By tuning the system and artificially introducing more quantum uncertainty the researchers observed that the chain of atoms acts like a nanoscale guitar string. Dr. Radu Coldea from Oxford University, who is the principal author of the paper and drove the international project from its inception a decade ago until the present, explains: “Here the tension comes from the interaction between spins causing them to magnetically resonate. For these interactions we found a series (scale) of resonant notes: The first two notes show a perfect relationship with each other. Their frequencies (pitch) are in the ratio of 1.618…, which is the golden ratio famous from art and architecture.” Radu Coldea is convinced that this is no coincidence. “It reflects a beautiful property of the quantum system — a hidden symmetry. Actually quite a special one called E8 by mathematicians, and this is its first observation in a material,” he explains.
The observed resonant states in cobalt niobate are a dramatic laboratory illustration of the way in which mathematical theories developed for particle physics may find application in nanoscale science and ultimately in future technology. Prof. Tennant remarks on the perfect harmony found in quantum uncertainty instead of disorder. “Such discoveries are leading physicists to speculate that the quantum, atomic scale world may have its own underlying order. Similar surprises may await researchers in other materials in the quantum critical state.”
The researchers achieved these results by using a special probe — neutron scattering. It allows physicists to see the actual atomic scale vibrations of a system. Dr. Elisa Wheeler, who has worked at both Oxford University and Berlin on the project, explains “using neutron scattering gives us unrivalled insight into how different the quantum world can be from the every day.”
However, “the conflicting difficulties of a highly complex neutron experiment integrated with low temperature equipment and precision high field apparatus make this a very challenging undertaking indeed.” In order to achieve success “in such challenging experiments under extreme conditions” the HZB in Berlin has brought together world leaders in this field. By combining the special expertise in Berlin whilst taking advantage of the pulsed neutrons at ISIS, near Oxford, permitted a perfect combination of measurements to be made.
Source: sciencedaily.com
Earth’s north magnetic pole racing towards Russia due to core flux
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A new research has determined that Earth’s north magnetic pole is racing toward Russia at almost 40 miles (64 kilometers) a year due to magnetic changes in the planet’s core.
The core is too deep for scientists to directly detect its magnetic field. But researchers can infer the field’s movements by tracking how Earth’s magnetic field has been changing at the surface and in space.
Now, according to a report in National Geographic News, newly analyzed data suggest that there’s a region of rapidly changing magnetism on the core’s surface, possibly being created by a mysterious ‘plume’ of magnetism arising from deeper in the core.
‘It’s this region that could be pulling the magnetic pole away from its long-time location in northern Canada,’ said Arnaud Chulliat, a geophysicist at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris in France.
Magnetic north, which is the place where compass needles actually point, is near but not exactly in the same place as the geographic North Pole.
Right now, magnetic north is close to Canada’s Ellesmere Island.
Navigators have used magnetic north for centuries to orient themselves when they are far from recognizable landmarks.
Although global positioning systems have largely replaced such traditional techniques, many people still find compasses useful for getting around underwater and underground where GPS satellites can’t communicate.
The magnetic north pole had moved little from the time scientists first located it in 1831.
Then in 1904, the pole began shifting northeastward at a steady pace of about 9 miles (15 kilometers) a year.
In 1989 it sped up again, and in 2007 scientists confirmed that the pole is now galloping toward Siberia at 34 to 37 miles (55 to 60 kilometers) a year.
A rapidly shifting magnetic pole means that magnetic-field maps need to be updated more often to allow compass users to make the crucial adjustment from magnetic north to true North.
Geologists think Earth has a magnetic field because the core is made up of a solid iron center surrounded by rapidly spinning liquid rock.
This creates a ‘dynamo’ that drives our magnetic field.
Scientists had long suspected that, since the molten core is constantly moving, changes in its magnetism might be affecting the surface location of magnetic north.
Although the new research seems to back up this idea, Chulliat is skeptical whether magnetic north will eventually cross into Russia.
Source: newkerala.com
Tags: 2012, core, due to core flux, Earth's, geologist, liquid rock, magnetic, magnetism, mysterious, National Geographic, news, north, pole, racing, Russia, surface, towards
3D maps of the Brain
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Van Wedeen, a Harvard radiology professor, is awestruck: “We’ve never really seen the brain – it’s been hiding in plain sight.” Conventional scanning has offered us a crude glimpse, but scientists such as Wedeen aim to produce the first ever three-dimensional map of all its neurons. They call this circuit diagram the “connectome”, and it could help us better understand everything from imagination and language to the miswirings that cause mental illness. But with 100 billion neurons hooked together by more connections than there are stars in the MilkyWay, the brain is a challenge that represents petabyte-level data.
So how much detail do they need? Wedeen, or the like-minded Human Connectome Project in the US, will tell you that it’s enough to chart the average pathways between areas of the brain (and that even this could take a decade to complete). However, this opinion has its critics: other scientists claim that a “true” connectome has to drill deeper, tracing each neuron and its hydra-headed links. It could be a fool’s errand, but for some it’s already their life’s work.
Wired spoke to three scientists, each using a different technique to create their own extraordinary mammalian connectome.
Above: Owl-monkey brain mapped by Van Wedeen
Wedeen used a souped-up MRI scanner to detect water diffusing along the fibres that link the different areas of an owl-monkey’s brain. He then traced where the broad circuitry lies and colour-coded it based on the direction of the tissue. The green, treelike structure on the left is the cerebellum, which handles perception. A next-generation scanner will allow him to image human brains. Wedeen says he wants to reveal “the symmetry and beauty in objects – from the outside, the brain is fairly ugly, but its architecture is beautiful and rational”.
Wired: Revealing the brain’s hidden connections
Tags: 3D, billions, Brain, connectome, Harvard radiology professor, maps, milkyway, NASA, neurons, Van Wedeen
Jupiter’s Moon Europa Has Enough Oxygen For Life
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Jupiter’s Moon Europa Has Enough Oxygen For Life
October 16th, 2009
Enlarge
A model of Europa’s interior, including a global ocean. If a 100 kilometer-deep ocean existed below the Europan ice shell, it would be 10 times deeper than any ocean on Earth and would contain twice as much water as Earth’s oceans and rivers combined. Credit: NASA/JPL
New research suggests that there is plenty of oxygen available in the subsurface ocean of Europa to support oxygen-based metabolic processes for life similar to that on Earth. In fact, there may be enough oxygen to support complex, animal-like organisms with greater oxygen demands than microorganisms.
The global ocean on Jupiter’s moon Europa contains about twice the liquid water of all the Earth’s oceans combined. New research suggests that there may be plenty of oxygen available in that ocean to support life, a hundred times more oxygen than previously estimated.
The chances for life there have been uncertain, because Europa’s ocean lies beneath several miles of ice, which separates it from the production of oxygen at the surface by energetic charged particles (similar to cosmic rays). Without oxygen, life could conceivably exist at hot springs in the ocean floor using exotic metabolic chemistries, based on sulfur or the production of methane. However, it is not certain whether the ocean floor actually would provide the conditions for such life.
Therefore a key question has been whether enough oxygen reaches the ocean to support the oxygen-based metabolic process that is most familiar to us. An answer comes from considering the young age of Europa’s surface. Its geology and the paucity of impact craters suggests that the top of the ice is continually reformed such that the current surface is only about 50 million years old, roughly 1% of the age of the solar system.
Richard Greenberg of the University of Arizona has considered three generic resurfacing processes: gradually laying fresh material on the surface; opening cracks which fill with fresh ice from below; and disrupting patches of surface in place and replacing them with fresh material. Using estimates for the production of oxidizers at the surface, he finds that the delivery rate into the ocean is so fast that the oxygen concentration could exceed that of the Earth’s oceans in only a few million years. Greenberg presented his findings at the 41st meeting of the American Astronomical Society’s Division for Planetary Sciences now under way in Fajardo, Puerto Rico.
Greenberg says that the concentrations of oxygen would be great enough to support not only microorganisms, but also “macrofauna”, that is, more complex animal-like organisms which have greater oxygen demands. The continual supply of oxygen could support roughly 3 billion kilograms of macrofauna, assuming similar oxygen demands to terrestrial fish.
The good news for the question of the origin of life is that there would be a delay of a couple of billion years before the first surface oxygen reached the ocean. Without that delay, the first pre-biotic chemistry and the first primitive organic structures would be disrupted by oxidation. Oxidation is a hazard unless organisms have evolved protection from its damaging effects. A similar delay in the production of oxygen on Earth was probably essential for allowing life to get started here.
Richard Greenberg is the author of the recent book “Unmasking Europa: The Search for Life on Jupiter’s Ocean Moon”, which offers a comprehensive picture of Europa for the general reader.
Source: American Astronomical Society, via Astrobio.
Tags: Alien, chemistry, conditions, Europa, Ice, JPL, Jupiter, Life, liquid, microorganisms, moon, NASA, Ocean, Oxygen, Sulfur
It’s Official: Water Found on the Moon
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Since man first touched the moon and brought pieces of it back to Earth, scientists have thought that the lunar surface was bone dry. But new observations from three different spacecraft have put this notion to rest with what has been called “unambiguous evidence” of water across the surface of the moon.
The new findings, detailed in the Sept. 25 issue of the journal Science, come in the wake of further evidence of lunar polar water ice by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and just weeks before the planned lunar impact of NASA’s LCROSS satellite, which will hit one of the permanently shadowed craters at the moon’s south pole in hope of churning up evidence of water ice deposits in the debris field.
The moon remains drier than any desert on Earth, but the water is said to exist on the moon in very small quantities. One ton of the top layer of the lunar surface would hold about 32 ounces of water, researchers said.
“If the water molecules are as mobile as we think they are — even a fraction of them — they provide a mechanism for getting water to those permanently shadowed craters,” said planetary geologist Carle Pieters of Brown University in Rhode Island, who led one of the three studies in Science on the lunar find, in a statement. “This opens a whole new avenue [of lunar research], but we have to understand the physics of it to utilize it.”
Finding water on the moon would be a boon to possible future lunar bases, acting as a potential source of drinking water and fuel.
Apollo turns up dry
When Apollo astronauts returned from the moon 40 years ago, they brought back several samples of lunar rocks.
The moon rocks were analyzed for signs of water bound to minerals present in the rocks; while trace amounts of water were detected, these were assumed to be contamination from Earth, because the containers the rocks came back in had leaked.
“The isotopes of oxygen that exist on the moon are the same as those that exist on Earth, so it was difficult if not impossible to tell the difference between water from the moon and water from Earth,” said Larry Taylor of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, who is a member of one of the NASA-built instrument teams for India’s Chandrayaan-1 satellite and has studied the moon since the Apollo missions.
While scientists continued to suspect that water ice deposits could be found in the coldest spots of south pole craters that never saw sunlight, the consensus became that the rest of the moon was bone dry.
But new observations of the lunar surface made with Chandrayaan-1, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, and NASA’s Deep Impact probe, are calling that consensus into question, with multiple detections of the spectral signal of either water or the hydroxyl group (an oxygen and hydrogen chemically bonded).
Three spacecraft
Chandrayaan-1, India’s first-ever moon probe, was aimed at mapping the lunar surface and determining its mineral composition (the orbiter’s mission ended 14 months prematurely in August after an abrupt malfunction). While the probe was still active, its NASA-built Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) detected wavelengths of light reflected off the surface that indicated the chemical bond between hydrogen and oxygen — the telltale sign of either water or hydroxyl.
Because M3 can only penetrate the top few millimeters of lunar regolith, the newly observed water seems to be at or near the lunar surface. M3’s observations also showed that the water signal got stronger toward the polar regions. Pieters is the lead investigator for the M3 instrument on Chandrayaan-1.
Cassini, which passed by the moon in 1999 on its way to Saturn, provides confirmation of this signal with its own slightly stronger detection of the water/hydroxyl signal. The water would have to be absorbed or trapped in the glass and minerals at the lunar surface, wrote Roger Clark of the U.S. Geological Survey in the study detailing Cassini’s findings.
The Cassini data shows a global distribution of the water signal, though it also appears stronger near the poles (and low in the lunar maria).
Finally, the Deep Impact spacecraft, as part of its extended EPOXI mission and at the request of the M3 team, made infrared detections of water and hydroxyl as part of a calibration exercise during several close approaches of the Earth-Moon system en route to its planned flyby of comet 103P/Hartley 2 in November 2010.
Deep Impact detected the signal at all latitudes above 10 degrees N, though once again, the poles showed the strongest signals. With its multiple passes, Deep Impact was able to observe the same regions at different times of the lunar day. At noon, when the sun’s rays were strongest, the water feature was lowest, while in the morning, the feature was stronger.
“The Deep Impact observations of the Moon not only unequivocally confirm the presence of [water/hydroxyl] on the lunar surface, but also reveal that the entire lunar surface is hydrated during at least some portion of the lunar day,” the authors wrote in their study.
The findings of all three spacecraft “provide unambiguous evidence for the presence of hydroxyl or water,” said Paul Lucey of the University of Hawaii in an opinion essay accompanying the three studies. Lucey was not involved in any of the missions.
The new data “prompt a critical reexamination of the notion that the moon is dry. It is not,” Lucey wrote.
Where the water comes from
Combined, the findings show that not only is the moon hydrated, the process that makes it so is a dynamic one that is driven by the daily changes in solar radiation hitting any given spot on the surface.
The sun might also have something to do with how the water got there.
There are potentially two types of water on the moon: that brought from outside sources, such as water-bearing comets striking the surface, or that that originates on the moon.
This second, endogenic, source is thought to possibly come from the interaction of the solar wind with moon rocks and soils.
The rocks and regolith that make up the lunar surface are about 45 percent oxygen (combined with other elements as mostly silicate minerals). The solar wind — the constant stream of charged particles emitted by the sun — are mostly protons, or positively charged hydrogen atoms.
If the charged hydrogens, which are traveling at one-third the speed of light, hit the lunar surface with enough force, they break apart oxygen bonds in soil materials, Taylor, the M3 team member suspects. Where free oxygen and hydrogen exist, there is a high chance that trace amounts of water will form.
The various study researchers also suggest that the daily dehydration and rehydration of the trace water across the surface could lead to the migration of hydroxyl and hydrogen towards the poles where it can accumulate in the cold traps of the permanently shadowed regions.
Tags: discovered, earth, Evidence, Impact, Lunar, moon, NASA, on, Scientists, Spacecraft, Water, Water on Moon
You Mind Co-creates Reality?
Posted by admin | Filed under Science, Spiritual
Tags: As above, Creates, Hermes, Hologram, Holographic, Holographically, Mind, Occult, Reality, so below, Universe, Whole, your
Russian Kirlian Camera can see Human Soul
Posted by admin | Filed under Science, Spiritual
From: russiatoday.com
 A wonder device can see the soul of a dead man pass away… or at least that’s what the inventor claims. A publication of the popular Russian tabloid Life.ru gives a dramatic account of the experiments of an inventor from St Petersburg, who has created a device able to see human aura. Accompanied by pictures suspiciously reminiscent of a series of thermal images of a woman at different temperatures, the report claims they are made with a special “gas discharge camera” built by Konstantin Korotkov, a professor at the Research Institute of Physical Culture and State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics. The paper goes on to say that the device can register the circumstances of death, differentiating between a victim of a violent crime and a person who died quietly in bed. It also registers the changes in aura presumably made by a strong psychic working on somebody. Disregarding the glib comparison of the religious term “soul” with the new age “aura”, the claims – they can hardly even be expected to get support in peer-reviewed scientific papers in our opinion – prompted RT to take a little investigation into the wonder device. Kirlian camera The spiffy name is actually modern application of a well-known phenomenon called Kirlian effect, named after Semyon and Valentina Kirlians, a Russian couple who greatly contributed to popularizing it back in 1960s. Kirlian experimented with photographing objects with high voltage applied to them. Also known as electro-magnetic discharge imaging, Kirlian photography is named after the Russian scientists who popularized the technique for use in parapsychology research.
The strong electric field causes faint corona discharges around the edges, which can even be seen with the naked eye. The visual appeal of the effect won the hearts of mystic-oriented people. Starting with Kirlians themselves, many people claimed that the electrical phenomena was actually a way to visualize otherwise invisible auras of objects. Korotkov is one of these claimants. According to him, corona discharges around fingertips, which his GDV cameras cause, have information about one’s physical condition and this information can be used for diagnosis. The claim was never confirmed by clinical tests, but it didn’t prevent the device from becoming the cornerstone of a widespread business. With different models costing from $4,500 to $13,000, and official dealers all across Russia and abroad, the invention seems to generate enough cash for Korotkov to travel the world and promote his product. Not for diagnosis Another selling point – the testing of the device on Russian sportsmen – showed that readings of the device may vary slightly with the state of mind of the subjects. As it does with variations in the environment, like a change of air temperature or humidity. In an interview given to a newspaper two years ago Korotkov said his invention was like a knife: it could be used for good or for bad purposes. Indeed, the beautiful Kirlian effect can be used for dubious intentions, or for inspiring works of art like those of photographer Robert Buelteman here. As far as public science goes, there is no other application for it. Source: russiatoday.com Energy fields around mushroom (Kirlian photography)
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The instrument, which was presented to us as something involved in the study of death, turned out to have been designed as a medical diagnosis tool. With about 15 years of development behind it, its inventor claims that it’s an affordable early-diagnosis tool, capable of identifying any disease, from an ulcer to a brain tumor, by scanning irregularities in an aura. Sort of a spiritual healer in metal and plastic, available to everyone for a small fee. No mystical stuff here – a patient can see his own aura on the computer screen, all thanks to the “gas discharge visualization” or GDV.Tags: after, aura, camera, death, Diagnosis, energy, Health, Human, Kirlan, Life, Medical, Russian, See, Soul, Spirit
Large Extra Dimensions At Reach Next Year!
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A new public document has been made available on the CMS public web page yesterday morning. It reports on a study of the reach of the CMS detector, with data collectable in 2010, for a signal of large extra dimensions, using the very distinctive signature of a high-energy jet recoiling against -well, recoiling against nothing; or better, something which left our world and entered into another dimension of space.
I expect many of you may have already started wondering what the heck I am talking about, so please allow me give you a little background. In 1998 three prominent theorists -Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali- put forth a hypothesis of the existence of large spatial extra-dimensions -where “large” means large on a microscopic scale, but still undetectable in everyday life. Their idea was that if extra dimensions existed beyond the three spatial ones we feel we live in, a few problems of our current understanding of subnuclear physics could be solved.
If extra spatial dimensions existed, we could have missed them if they were still small for us -on the scale of a millimeter or less. General physics experiments, such as tests of the law of gravity at the millimeter scale -which could be revealing because these additional space dimensions would cause the breaking down of the inverse square law of gravitational attraction- are hard to perform, so the possibility is still there that they exist. And to such a length of scale there corresponds a specific energy at which the resulting effects on subnuclear physics might become evident: it turns out that such energy is one reachable by the LHC experiments.
One of the reasons why the theory is appealing is that it explains away one of the riddles we try to forget about -the fact that gravity is so weak if compared to the three other forces of Nature. In fact, gravity does not even enter in the Standard Model of particle physics, because it is irrelevant there -particles feel electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions with a strength many orders of magnitude larger than their gravitational interaction.
If extra dimensions exists, the explanation becomes obvious: gravity is weak because it extends into the other dimensions, while we live on a four-dimensional “sheet” (a brane) in this multi-dimensional space. If you have not studied quantum mechanics, the above could still sound mysterious, but just think of a drop of red dye on a pool of water, and a drop of oil on the same pool. You can see the oil because it distributes on a thin layer (our “brane” if we are lake bugs), but you will not easily detect a reddening of the whole water volume, because the drop of dye mixes with all of it (the bulk). Now, if we live on the surface of the water, to us the drop of paint makes little difference, while we do feel the layer of oil!
Large extra dimensions have been repeatedly searched at the Tevatron collider by the CDF and DZERO experiments with the large datasets of proton-antiproton collisions they collected so far, with little success. The clearest signature consists in a quark or a gluon of very high energy, which recoils at large angle from the colliding beams, against a hypothetical graviton. What you see is a narrow jet of collimated hadrons produced when the quark or gluon fragments into observable particles, and nothing on the side opposite to the jet: the graviton left our three dimensions to enter the “bulk” of extra dimensions off the three-dimensional sheet where we live.
The signature of a jet of high energy apparently violating the conservation of total momentum is striking, and there are very few -and rare- known processes that can give rise to it. The violation of momentum arises because the protons collide along the beam axis -let us take it to be the z axis- and thus the initial state has zero momentum in the xy plane; on the other hand, the high-energy jet carries away momentum largely in the xy plane, and is not balanced by anything recoiling in the opposite direction.
The paper by CMS is interesting and discusses a promising avenue for finally finding new physics beyond the Standard Model. It focuses on data collectable by the LHC experiments during 2010, making the hypothesis that by the end of next year we will have 200 inverse picobarns of 10-TeV proton-proton collisions to analyze in search for a LED signature. 200 inverse picobarns are about 20 trillion proton-proton collisions, but since these large extra dimensions hide at high energy -corresponding to the smallness of these additional dimensions of space-, only few events would be seen attributable to those processes.
Despite the fact that CDF and DZERO already have thirty times more data to work on, the CMS reach on LEDs is significantly larger, because of the five-fold increase in energy. This is due to the fact that we are considering an effect that “turns on” at high energy, and so the Tevatron might indeed be simply unable to ignite it. So far, CDF and DZERO have only excluded LEDs up to a energy scale of about 1 TeV (1.4 TeV for the most significant search, but only for the case of two extra dimensions).
The figure below shows a distribution of the MHT, the variable which will be studied by CMS in its 2010 dataset to search for large extra dimensions. MHT is a vectorial sum of the jet momenta in the transverse plane, and it is shown for events coming from several background sources and for the signal. The vectorial sum in the xy plane should be small -consistent with zero within experimental errors- if there is no particle leaving the detector unseen (such as is the case for the background labeled “QCD” and shown in purple); in case of a graviton escaping to other dimensions (the blue histogram), the MHT is instead large.
Of course, many background processes have to be studied to size up the expected yield of “suspicious” events. The nastiest is the production of a Z boson recoiling against a high-energy jet: when the Z boson decays to a pair of neutrinos -something that happens about 20% of the time- it effectively “disappears” much like the graviton, since neutrinos do not interact with the detector and leave unseen, producing a large value of MHT. The CMS analysis demonstrated that such a background can be sized up by studying a similar process, the production of a W boson plus a jet. By counting W decays to a muon-neutrino pair, and computing the MHT it produces if we ignore the muon in the sum, we can estimate the Z->nu nu + jet background in a way which is much less reliant on Monte Carlo simulations. This is illustrated in the figure below, where you can see the MHT distribution one would be looking at with 200/pb of data, due to the irreducible Z background (estimated by MC, in red). This is compared to the estimate produced by the analysis of W events discussed in the paper (in blue), a “data-driven” method. The two distributions match closely, demonstrating the correctness of the method.
The final result of the analysis is the table below, showing the discovery reach for LEDs as a function of the scale of the extra dimensions, , and their number
. One can thus see that CMS can find, with observation-level significance (
), large extra dimensions with scales of up to 3 TeV and less than 200 inverse picobarns of data.
Another way to see the reach of CMS is to plot the integrated luminosity that is needed in order to find large extra dimensions, as a function of their mass scale, and for different values of the parameter delta (the number of extra dimensions). This is shown in the figure on the right.
On a personal note, I have to say that the paper is very carefully written, both in form and content. That, of course, is because I was the chair of the review committee who sheperded it to publication… Jokes aside, I wish to thank the authors of this important new study for their work and for the patience with which they dealt with the comments and corrections my review committee continued to send them until the last minute. The main authors of the study are L. Benucci, M. Cardaci, A. De Roeck, U. Enrah Surat, L. Sala, and L. Vergili.
Tags: Dimensions, Extra, Extradimensional, large, NASA, Next, Physics, Quantum, Space, Year
Infrasound Responsible For Haunting?
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Some researchers have suggested that infrasound (very low frequency sound waves below about 20Hz) might be present in certain allegedly haunted locations and be responsible for people feeling uneasy. This idea was first proposed by Vic Tandy and Dr. Tony Lawrence ( Coventry University ). Tandy had been working late in an allegedly ‘haunted’ laboratory when he saw a grey shape coming towards him. The shape disappeared, but reappeared the following day when Tandy was doing some work on his fencing foil. The handle was clamped in a vice on a workbench, yet the blade started vibrating. Tandy wondered why the blade vibrated in one part of room but not in another. The explanation was that infrasound was coming from a large extractor fan. Subsequent measurements revealed that the infrasound being produced was 18.98 Hz, and that this may have made Tandy’s eyeball resonate and produce the optical illusion of the grey form. Tandy has since found the same type of signal in another allegedly haunted location.
Key References: Tandy V. & Lawrence, T,. (1998). The ghost in the machine. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, 62, 360-364. | download Our thanks to the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research for permission to distribute these articles. Links: Guardian article about Vic Tandy’s work Vic Tandy investigates the Edinburgh Vaults In-depth introduction to infrasound |
Tags: Frequency, ghost, Haunted, infrasound, Low, Ultra
Easy-to-grow useful plants
Posted by admin | Filed under Science, World
Having ideas about growing your own food, but don’t know where to begin? These pages are for you.
Tags: Easy, Farming, Gardening, Grow, Health, Herbs, Life, Living, Plants, Science, Society, Survival, Urban
