Golden Ratio Discovered in Quantum World: Hidden Symmetry Observed for the First Time in Solid State Matter
Posted by admin | Filed under Science
Researchers from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), in cooperation with colleagues from Oxford and Bristol Universities, as well as the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK, have for the first time observed a nanoscale symmetry hidden in solid state matter. They have measured the signatures of a symmetry showing the same attributes as the golden ratio famous from art and architecture.
The research team is publishing these findings in the Jan. 8, 2010 issue of the journal Science.
The magnetic field is used to tune the chains of spins to a quantum critical state. The resonant modes (“notes”) are detected by scattering neutrons. These scatter with the characteristic frequencies of the spin chains. (Credit: Image courtesy of Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres)
On the atomic scale particles do not behave as we know it in the macro-atomic world. New properties emerge which are the result of an effect known as the Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. In order to study these nanoscale quantum effects the researchers have focused on the magnetic material cobalt niobate. It consists of linked magnetic atoms, which form chains just like a very thin bar magnet, but only one atom wide and are a useful model for describing ferromagnetism on the nanoscale in solid state matter.
When applying a magnetic field at right angles to an aligned spin the magnetic chain will transform into a new state called quantum critical, which can be thought of as a quantum version of a fractal pattern. Prof. Alan Tennant, the leader of the Berlin group, explains “The system reaches a quantum uncertain — or a Schrödinger cat state. This is what we did in our experiments with cobalt niobate. We have tuned the system exactly in order to turn it quantum critical.”
By tuning the system and artificially introducing more quantum uncertainty the researchers observed that the chain of atoms acts like a nanoscale guitar string. Dr. Radu Coldea from Oxford University, who is the principal author of the paper and drove the international project from its inception a decade ago until the present, explains: “Here the tension comes from the interaction between spins causing them to magnetically resonate. For these interactions we found a series (scale) of resonant notes: The first two notes show a perfect relationship with each other. Their frequencies (pitch) are in the ratio of 1.618…, which is the golden ratio famous from art and architecture.” Radu Coldea is convinced that this is no coincidence. “It reflects a beautiful property of the quantum system — a hidden symmetry. Actually quite a special one called E8 by mathematicians, and this is its first observation in a material,” he explains.
The observed resonant states in cobalt niobate are a dramatic laboratory illustration of the way in which mathematical theories developed for particle physics may find application in nanoscale science and ultimately in future technology. Prof. Tennant remarks on the perfect harmony found in quantum uncertainty instead of disorder. “Such discoveries are leading physicists to speculate that the quantum, atomic scale world may have its own underlying order. Similar surprises may await researchers in other materials in the quantum critical state.”
The researchers achieved these results by using a special probe — neutron scattering. It allows physicists to see the actual atomic scale vibrations of a system. Dr. Elisa Wheeler, who has worked at both Oxford University and Berlin on the project, explains “using neutron scattering gives us unrivalled insight into how different the quantum world can be from the every day.”
However, “the conflicting difficulties of a highly complex neutron experiment integrated with low temperature equipment and precision high field apparatus make this a very challenging undertaking indeed.” In order to achieve success “in such challenging experiments under extreme conditions” the HZB in Berlin has brought together world leaders in this field. By combining the special expertise in Berlin whilst taking advantage of the pulsed neutrons at ISIS, near Oxford, permitted a perfect combination of measurements to be made.
Source: sciencedaily.com
Earth’s north magnetic pole racing towards Russia due to core flux
Posted by admin | Filed under Science, World
A new research has determined that Earth’s north magnetic pole is racing toward Russia at almost 40 miles (64 kilometers) a year due to magnetic changes in the planet’s core.
The core is too deep for scientists to directly detect its magnetic field. But researchers can infer the field’s movements by tracking how Earth’s magnetic field has been changing at the surface and in space.
Now, according to a report in National Geographic News, newly analyzed data suggest that there’s a region of rapidly changing magnetism on the core’s surface, possibly being created by a mysterious ‘plume’ of magnetism arising from deeper in the core.
‘It’s this region that could be pulling the magnetic pole away from its long-time location in northern Canada,’ said Arnaud Chulliat, a geophysicist at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris in France.
Magnetic north, which is the place where compass needles actually point, is near but not exactly in the same place as the geographic North Pole.
Right now, magnetic north is close to Canada’s Ellesmere Island.
Navigators have used magnetic north for centuries to orient themselves when they are far from recognizable landmarks.
Although global positioning systems have largely replaced such traditional techniques, many people still find compasses useful for getting around underwater and underground where GPS satellites can’t communicate.
The magnetic north pole had moved little from the time scientists first located it in 1831.
Then in 1904, the pole began shifting northeastward at a steady pace of about 9 miles (15 kilometers) a year.
In 1989 it sped up again, and in 2007 scientists confirmed that the pole is now galloping toward Siberia at 34 to 37 miles (55 to 60 kilometers) a year.
A rapidly shifting magnetic pole means that magnetic-field maps need to be updated more often to allow compass users to make the crucial adjustment from magnetic north to true North.
Geologists think Earth has a magnetic field because the core is made up of a solid iron center surrounded by rapidly spinning liquid rock.
This creates a ‘dynamo’ that drives our magnetic field.
Scientists had long suspected that, since the molten core is constantly moving, changes in its magnetism might be affecting the surface location of magnetic north.
Although the new research seems to back up this idea, Chulliat is skeptical whether magnetic north will eventually cross into Russia.
Source: newkerala.com
Tags: 2012, core, due to core flux, Earth's, geologist, liquid rock, magnetic, magnetism, mysterious, National Geographic, news, north, pole, racing, Russia, surface, towards
3D maps of the Brain
Posted by admin | Filed under NASA, Science
Van Wedeen, a Harvard radiology professor, is awestruck: “We’ve never really seen the brain – it’s been hiding in plain sight.” Conventional scanning has offered us a crude glimpse, but scientists such as Wedeen aim to produce the first ever three-dimensional map of all its neurons. They call this circuit diagram the “connectome”, and it could help us better understand everything from imagination and language to the miswirings that cause mental illness. But with 100 billion neurons hooked together by more connections than there are stars in the MilkyWay, the brain is a challenge that represents petabyte-level data.
So how much detail do they need? Wedeen, or the like-minded Human Connectome Project in the US, will tell you that it’s enough to chart the average pathways between areas of the brain (and that even this could take a decade to complete). However, this opinion has its critics: other scientists claim that a “true” connectome has to drill deeper, tracing each neuron and its hydra-headed links. It could be a fool’s errand, but for some it’s already their life’s work.
Wired spoke to three scientists, each using a different technique to create their own extraordinary mammalian connectome.
Above: Owl-monkey brain mapped by Van Wedeen
Wedeen used a souped-up MRI scanner to detect water diffusing along the fibres that link the different areas of an owl-monkey’s brain. He then traced where the broad circuitry lies and colour-coded it based on the direction of the tissue. The green, treelike structure on the left is the cerebellum, which handles perception. A next-generation scanner will allow him to image human brains. Wedeen says he wants to reveal “the symmetry and beauty in objects – from the outside, the brain is fairly ugly, but its architecture is beautiful and rational”.
Wired: Revealing the brain’s hidden connections
Tags: 3D, billions, Brain, connectome, Harvard radiology professor, maps, milkyway, NASA, neurons, Van Wedeen
UFO In Pursuit by U.S. Airforce
Posted by admin | Filed under Alien, UFO Phenomenon
“Have a look at this leaked footage of what looks an airial pursuit of a UFO by a United States Airforce F-18 jet. The UFO in question is a small triangle object that is certainly travelling at a super sonic high rate of speed. Some Ufologists are split in what this footage is stating that it may infact be a new high tech “proto-type” aircraft owned by the U.S. Government. Also possibly created in the Ultra-Secret base Area 51 or another facility with the same credentials. This does raise the question however that something is definately occurring in our skies above. ”
Tags: aircraft, Airforce, Alien, chase, f18, Government, Leaked footage, Pursuit, questions, skies above, triangle craft, UFO, US
ALIENS MAKE CROP CIRCLES, BEST EVIDENCE EVER
Posted by admin | Filed under Alien, UFO Phenomenon
Tags: 2012, ALiens, Best Evidence, Craft, crop circles, Extraterrestrial, Message, proof, UFO, wheat field
2012 is Now on Everybody’s Mind
Posted by admin | Filed under Prophecy, psychic
The release of Roland Emmerich’s film, 2012, has popularized this date on a planetary scale. What does it mean? Where did it come from? As awareness of 2012 becomes an event of mass consciousness, we begin to sense something of the greatest magnitude, a veritable world shift. The ripples from this shift are already creating waves washing up on the shores of the old consciousness. What is behind December 21, 2012, and what does it really augur?
It is generally known that this date is related to the Mayan calendar and the Mayan prophecies. How did the Maya come to this date, and what do their prophecies say about it? The Maya, whose civilization reached its heights in Central America and Mexico between AD 435 and 830, were expert mathematicians with a unique calendar system. How did they come to be operating with a sophisticated sense of time far beyond anything known even today?
In The Mayan Factor, Path beyond Technology (1987), I concluded that the primary intention of the Mayan calendar system was not to measure time but to record the harmonic calibrations of a galactic synchronization beam, 5,125 years or 5200 tun (360-day cycles) in duration. According to the time science of the ancient Maya, a great moment of transformation awaits us at 2012, when we pass out of that beam. For humanity this beam constitutes the wave harmonic of history. 5,125 years in diameter, this beam commenced 13 August B.C. 3113, a date marked by the Mayan calendar long count as 13.0.0.0.0, 4 Ahau. This precise date 13.0.0.0.0, 4 Ahau will occur again on December 21, 2012. Exactly 1,872,000 days will have passed, a cycle of 13 baktuns of 144,000 days each.
This interval, B.C. 3113 – A.D. 2012, comprises the totality of history as we know it — from the First Dynasty of Egypt to the Twin Towers, hence wave harmonic of history. During this cycle, humanity has gone from a tribal creature just learning how to live in cities, to being a full-blown planetary organism. In this process, humanity learned how to mechanize time. The mechanization of time created an unconscious mental field in which the human systematically separated itself from nature for the purpose of creating a vast industrialized order, the technosphere — a sphere of artificial time cast over the biosphere. Since 1618, the human species has been living in its own artificial time, apart from the rest of the biosphere that continues to operate in the natural cycles. The dissonance between artificial and natural time has brought about the present crisis — and pushed mankind toward a new condition of being.
The conclusion of the cycle in A.D. 2012 bodes a return to natural time and an evolutionary upgrading of planetary life. A resonant frequency phase shift will usher us into the brilliance of galactic-solar-planetary evolution. We shall pass not only into a post-historic, but a post-human, or super human phase of our evolution. In fact, the entire 5,125-year cycle — hardly an instant of geological time — is but a mutative phase. With this phase complete, a new evolutionary stage begins. This is known as the noosphere, literally, the mental sheathe of the planet, the mind of the Earth, where we think and act as a single planetary organism — a new race of bio-solar telepaths. With the advent of planetary consciousness will come not destruction, but at long last, universal peace.
Jose Arguelles, planetary whole systems anthropologist, received his Ph.D. in Art History and Aesthetics from the University of Chicago in 1969. He has taught at Princeton University, University of California, Evergreen State College, San Francisco State University, San Francisco Institute of Art, the Naropa Institute, the University of Colorado, and The Union Graduate School. Jose first introduced the date December 21, 2012 into mass consciousness with The Mayan Factor. The initiator of the Harmonic Convergence global peace meditation of 1987, Arguelles is also the founder of the annual Whole Earth Festival (1970) in California, and one of the originators of the Earth Day concept. More information on Jose and his work is available here.
Tags: 2012, awareness, Consciousness, Film, mayan, Polar, Prophecies, Roland Emmerich, Shift, Waves, World shift
More Americans believe in angels than humans’ role in global warming
Posted by admin | Filed under Spiritual, World
More Americans believe in guardian angels than humans’ role in global warming, according to recent polls.
A Pew poll released late last month found that just 36 percent of Americans believe humans are responsible for accelerating global climate change, which scientists say mushroomed after the industrial revolution due to humans’ dependence on carbon-based fuels.
Carbon dioxide, which is produced by the combustion of oil, coal and other fuels, was ruled a “dangerous” threat to public health by the Environmental Protection Agency Monday. It increases the propensity of the earth’s atmosphere to retain heat.
But a near-consensus from scientists doesn’t have Americans convinced. The Pew poll found that while 57 percent believe that the earth’s climate is changing, just 36 percent believe that humans are responsible. 77 percent believed that global warming existed in Pew’s poll conducted in 2007.
The 36 percent who believe in human-caused climate change is fewer than the number of Americans who apparently believe they’re protected by guardian angels, some 55 percent, according to a poll published in 2008.
“Half of all Americans believe they are protected by guardian angels, one-fifth say they’ve heard God speak to them, one-quarter say they have witnessed miraculous healings, 16 percent say they’ve received one and 8 percent say they pray in tongues, according to a survey” conducted by Baylor University published in September of 2008.
The Baylor survey was conducted in 2007 by telephone calls to 1,648 adults, who were asked more than 300 questions about their spiritual beliefs.
That’s not all. A blog at the website of Foreign Policy notes that more Americans believe in UFOs and ghosts than do anthropogenic (human-caused) global warming.
34 percent of Americans said they believed in UFOs and ghosts in a Halloween 2007 surveyconducted by Ipsos for the Associated Press.
Just 39 percent of Americans said in a February poll that they believe in evolution.
VIA: rawstory
Tags: Angels, Change, Climate, death, Demons, Ghosts, GLOBAL, gobal warming, God, Spirits, UFO, Warming, Witch
Learn Telepathy
Posted by admin | Filed under Occult, psychic
Learning Telepathy
More and more people are open to the idea of telepathy and want to learn the skill for themselves.
Telepathy isn’t difficult to learn the main block is in the belief, one should believe that she can achieve telepathic transmission and reception. There is another important preliminary it is that you need to have a clear mind to send and receive. Usually your outside environment is a reflection of your inner environment, if you live in a cluttered space and you are disorganized chance is that it reflect an energy leak inside you.
This is the very first thing you have to do; get ride of the clutter; make a vacuum in your life. Transmute the energy of your place by a more positive one by keeping your place as clean as possible.
There is a lot of discussion about this in the field of Feng-shui, I encourage the person interested to read more about it, there is much to say about the energy in the place we live.
It is equally good to be in the habit to have some mental discipline in the form of concentration exercise. The better your ability to concentrate the better you will be able to send and receive telepathic transmission.
The simplest concentration exercise you can do is to improve your awareness by telling to yourself positive words that raise your vibrations and make you a more aware person, examples of positive affirmations are ‘I’m abundant’, ’I’m giving and resourceful’,’ I have peace of mind’ , it is easy to make your own affirmations tell yourself the qualities you want to acquire, in a sense you are lying to yourself but it is a good lie and everything start by a belief that it is possible. You can also improve your self-awareness and raise your vibrations by changing your posture and breathing pattern, when you walk, walk with a more confident posture also the stress and pressure we go through in our lives don’t help us to have a natural breath. Qigong and Yoga have practice to help to achieve a correct breathing habit that use the full capacity of the lungs.
Learning telepathic reception
For 10 to 15 minutes sit comfortably or lie quietly. Start by observing your thoughts get familiar with your own stream of thoughts, do not judge, make comments or follow a certain train of thoughts, it is here that some experience in concentration does help.
When you can very well distinguish your own flow of thoughts , you will discover underneath a layer of disconnected thoughts, images and even sounds.
It is difficult to say what you will get personally from this exercise, pictures may involves people you know or don’t know, voices can be familiar or unfamiliar, images can blink out.
Write description of everything you perceived, if it involves someone you know, you will have to verify with that person if what you received was a legitimate reception.
Not everything you will receive will be telepathic to get better with this, you have know your own energy better; that the way you will be able to separate telepathy, your energy and the imagination.
Learning telepathic transmission
This an entry level exercise the easiest you can do, it consist to send love to someone else.
Lie or sit comfortably, close your eyes and imagine a bright violet sphere of violet light on top of your head this one symbolize your crown chakra which hold your energy of wisdom, now focus on the center of your chest and imagine a bright pink light which hold your love-energy.
Imagine a flow of violet light coming from your crown chakra to your heart chakra, this make your heart energy wiser because without wisdom your heart is sentimental and irrational, make the light of heart reach your crown chakra because without heart energy your crown chakra is cold and distant, play with this until you have a good feeling of it to finish imagine a stream of light coming from your heart chakra to the heart chakra of someone you have chosen. Do it for a couple of minutes, you know when the other person has received your telepathic transmission by the way you feel, if you are feeling better and happier and it is an excellent sign that your message has been received in certain rare case, you might feel drained and frustrated it happens when you send love to someone who has closed his heart to you.
Do not look for feedback in the other person as you might not get one, the sole measure of success is the way you feel when you do it, usually if you do this exercise a lot with the same person, your relationship will start to improve in a new way , more loving should I say.
Have fun learning telepathy!
- By Tortue G
Tags: Communication, Meditation, Mind, Occult, Power, psychic, receiver, sender, telekenesis, telepathy
Jupiter’s Moon Europa Has Enough Oxygen For Life
Posted by admin | Filed under NASA, Science
Jupiter’s Moon Europa Has Enough Oxygen For Life
October 16th, 2009
Enlarge
A model of Europa’s interior, including a global ocean. If a 100 kilometer-deep ocean existed below the Europan ice shell, it would be 10 times deeper than any ocean on Earth and would contain twice as much water as Earth’s oceans and rivers combined. Credit: NASA/JPL
New research suggests that there is plenty of oxygen available in the subsurface ocean of Europa to support oxygen-based metabolic processes for life similar to that on Earth. In fact, there may be enough oxygen to support complex, animal-like organisms with greater oxygen demands than microorganisms.
The global ocean on Jupiter’s moon Europa contains about twice the liquid water of all the Earth’s oceans combined. New research suggests that there may be plenty of oxygen available in that ocean to support life, a hundred times more oxygen than previously estimated.
The chances for life there have been uncertain, because Europa’s ocean lies beneath several miles of ice, which separates it from the production of oxygen at the surface by energetic charged particles (similar to cosmic rays). Without oxygen, life could conceivably exist at hot springs in the ocean floor using exotic metabolic chemistries, based on sulfur or the production of methane. However, it is not certain whether the ocean floor actually would provide the conditions for such life.
Therefore a key question has been whether enough oxygen reaches the ocean to support the oxygen-based metabolic process that is most familiar to us. An answer comes from considering the young age of Europa’s surface. Its geology and the paucity of impact craters suggests that the top of the ice is continually reformed such that the current surface is only about 50 million years old, roughly 1% of the age of the solar system.
Richard Greenberg of the University of Arizona has considered three generic resurfacing processes: gradually laying fresh material on the surface; opening cracks which fill with fresh ice from below; and disrupting patches of surface in place and replacing them with fresh material. Using estimates for the production of oxidizers at the surface, he finds that the delivery rate into the ocean is so fast that the oxygen concentration could exceed that of the Earth’s oceans in only a few million years. Greenberg presented his findings at the 41st meeting of the American Astronomical Society’s Division for Planetary Sciences now under way in Fajardo, Puerto Rico.
Greenberg says that the concentrations of oxygen would be great enough to support not only microorganisms, but also “macrofauna”, that is, more complex animal-like organisms which have greater oxygen demands. The continual supply of oxygen could support roughly 3 billion kilograms of macrofauna, assuming similar oxygen demands to terrestrial fish.
The good news for the question of the origin of life is that there would be a delay of a couple of billion years before the first surface oxygen reached the ocean. Without that delay, the first pre-biotic chemistry and the first primitive organic structures would be disrupted by oxidation. Oxidation is a hazard unless organisms have evolved protection from its damaging effects. A similar delay in the production of oxygen on Earth was probably essential for allowing life to get started here.
Richard Greenberg is the author of the recent book “Unmasking Europa: The Search for Life on Jupiter’s Ocean Moon”, which offers a comprehensive picture of Europa for the general reader.
Source: American Astronomical Society, via Astrobio.
Tags: Alien, chemistry, conditions, Europa, Ice, JPL, Jupiter, Life, liquid, microorganisms, moon, NASA, Ocean, Oxygen, Sulfur
It’s Official: Water Found on the Moon
Posted by admin | Filed under Alien, NASA, Science
Since man first touched the moon and brought pieces of it back to Earth, scientists have thought that the lunar surface was bone dry. But new observations from three different spacecraft have put this notion to rest with what has been called “unambiguous evidence” of water across the surface of the moon.
The new findings, detailed in the Sept. 25 issue of the journal Science, come in the wake of further evidence of lunar polar water ice by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and just weeks before the planned lunar impact of NASA’s LCROSS satellite, which will hit one of the permanently shadowed craters at the moon’s south pole in hope of churning up evidence of water ice deposits in the debris field.
The moon remains drier than any desert on Earth, but the water is said to exist on the moon in very small quantities. One ton of the top layer of the lunar surface would hold about 32 ounces of water, researchers said.
“If the water molecules are as mobile as we think they are — even a fraction of them — they provide a mechanism for getting water to those permanently shadowed craters,” said planetary geologist Carle Pieters of Brown University in Rhode Island, who led one of the three studies in Science on the lunar find, in a statement. “This opens a whole new avenue [of lunar research], but we have to understand the physics of it to utilize it.”
Finding water on the moon would be a boon to possible future lunar bases, acting as a potential source of drinking water and fuel.
Apollo turns up dry
When Apollo astronauts returned from the moon 40 years ago, they brought back several samples of lunar rocks.
The moon rocks were analyzed for signs of water bound to minerals present in the rocks; while trace amounts of water were detected, these were assumed to be contamination from Earth, because the containers the rocks came back in had leaked.
“The isotopes of oxygen that exist on the moon are the same as those that exist on Earth, so it was difficult if not impossible to tell the difference between water from the moon and water from Earth,” said Larry Taylor of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, who is a member of one of the NASA-built instrument teams for India’s Chandrayaan-1 satellite and has studied the moon since the Apollo missions.
While scientists continued to suspect that water ice deposits could be found in the coldest spots of south pole craters that never saw sunlight, the consensus became that the rest of the moon was bone dry.
But new observations of the lunar surface made with Chandrayaan-1, NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, and NASA’s Deep Impact probe, are calling that consensus into question, with multiple detections of the spectral signal of either water or the hydroxyl group (an oxygen and hydrogen chemically bonded).
Three spacecraft
Chandrayaan-1, India’s first-ever moon probe, was aimed at mapping the lunar surface and determining its mineral composition (the orbiter’s mission ended 14 months prematurely in August after an abrupt malfunction). While the probe was still active, its NASA-built Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) detected wavelengths of light reflected off the surface that indicated the chemical bond between hydrogen and oxygen — the telltale sign of either water or hydroxyl.
Because M3 can only penetrate the top few millimeters of lunar regolith, the newly observed water seems to be at or near the lunar surface. M3’s observations also showed that the water signal got stronger toward the polar regions. Pieters is the lead investigator for the M3 instrument on Chandrayaan-1.
Cassini, which passed by the moon in 1999 on its way to Saturn, provides confirmation of this signal with its own slightly stronger detection of the water/hydroxyl signal. The water would have to be absorbed or trapped in the glass and minerals at the lunar surface, wrote Roger Clark of the U.S. Geological Survey in the study detailing Cassini’s findings.
The Cassini data shows a global distribution of the water signal, though it also appears stronger near the poles (and low in the lunar maria).
Finally, the Deep Impact spacecraft, as part of its extended EPOXI mission and at the request of the M3 team, made infrared detections of water and hydroxyl as part of a calibration exercise during several close approaches of the Earth-Moon system en route to its planned flyby of comet 103P/Hartley 2 in November 2010.
Deep Impact detected the signal at all latitudes above 10 degrees N, though once again, the poles showed the strongest signals. With its multiple passes, Deep Impact was able to observe the same regions at different times of the lunar day. At noon, when the sun’s rays were strongest, the water feature was lowest, while in the morning, the feature was stronger.
“The Deep Impact observations of the Moon not only unequivocally confirm the presence of [water/hydroxyl] on the lunar surface, but also reveal that the entire lunar surface is hydrated during at least some portion of the lunar day,” the authors wrote in their study.
The findings of all three spacecraft “provide unambiguous evidence for the presence of hydroxyl or water,” said Paul Lucey of the University of Hawaii in an opinion essay accompanying the three studies. Lucey was not involved in any of the missions.
The new data “prompt a critical reexamination of the notion that the moon is dry. It is not,” Lucey wrote.
Where the water comes from
Combined, the findings show that not only is the moon hydrated, the process that makes it so is a dynamic one that is driven by the daily changes in solar radiation hitting any given spot on the surface.
The sun might also have something to do with how the water got there.
There are potentially two types of water on the moon: that brought from outside sources, such as water-bearing comets striking the surface, or that that originates on the moon.
This second, endogenic, source is thought to possibly come from the interaction of the solar wind with moon rocks and soils.
The rocks and regolith that make up the lunar surface are about 45 percent oxygen (combined with other elements as mostly silicate minerals). The solar wind — the constant stream of charged particles emitted by the sun — are mostly protons, or positively charged hydrogen atoms.
If the charged hydrogens, which are traveling at one-third the speed of light, hit the lunar surface with enough force, they break apart oxygen bonds in soil materials, Taylor, the M3 team member suspects. Where free oxygen and hydrogen exist, there is a high chance that trace amounts of water will form.
The various study researchers also suggest that the daily dehydration and rehydration of the trace water across the surface could lead to the migration of hydroxyl and hydrogen towards the poles where it can accumulate in the cold traps of the permanently shadowed regions.
Tags: discovered, earth, Evidence, Impact, Lunar, moon, NASA, on, Scientists, Spacecraft, Water, Water on Moon
